第四十輯 - 1998-01-31

社會與文化再製理論之評析

A Critical Analysis of Theories of Social and Cultural Reproduction

作 者:
譚光鼎 / Kuang-Ding Tan
關鍵字:
社會再製、文化再製、文化霸權、社會階級、文化資本、符應理論、知識社會學、新馬克思主義、批判理論、結構主義 / Social reproduction、Cultural reproduction、Cultural hegemony、Social class、Cultural capital、Correspondence theory、Sociology of knowledge、Neomarxism、Critical theory、Structuralism
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本文之目的是在分析並評論社會與文化再製理論的主要論點。自一九七○年代以來,心馬克思主義、批判理論、結構主義等學派,強烈地批判現代教育的功能。其中主要包括社會再製、符應理論、文化再製、霸權再製等幾種理論。這些理論批判現代教育制度的問題如下:1.統治階層的文化霸權操控學校課程與教學;2.教育制度已失去相對相對自主性而成為宰制社會的工具;3.教育制度再製不平等的社會階級。然而,本文作者亦指出再製論的幾項缺點:1.學校乃是充滿對立、矛盾與衝突的機構,而非再製社會階層之柔順工具;2.再製論犯了決定論的錯誤,否定教育對於促進社會流動之正面的功能;3.如果社會階級結構是經由順從而獲得再製,則社會變遷將不可能發生;4.抗拒理論更適合於解釋低社經地位的階級再製。
The purpose of this article is to analyze and criticize the main points on social and cultural reproduction theories. Since 1970s, schools of Neo-Marxism, Critic theory and Structuralism, etc, have strongly criticized the function of modern education. These main theories include social reproduction, correspondence theory, cultural reproduction, and hegemonic reproduction. They argue as follows:1.The cultural hegemony of the dominant class controls the curriculum and teaching in schools;2.Educational system loses its autonomy respectively and hence becomes an instrument used for dominating the whole society;3.Educational system does not fulfill the ideal of equal opportunity of education, the reasons are related to what is mentioned next; 4.Educational system reproduce unfair social classes. However, the author also points out some weaknesses of reproduction theories. They are as follows:1.Schools are not just a compliant instrument for duplicating social classes;on the contrary, there are controversy, conflict, opposition, and disagreement continuously present within campus;2.Reproduction theories err as does determinism, and they deny the positive contributions that modern education has made to social mobility;3.If the structure of social classes was reproduced undoubtedly through complying, then any social change will not be likely to take place;4.It seems that resistance theory is more suitable to explain the duplication of lower socio-economic status.