第六十七輯．第一期 - 2021-03-31

「師法自然」的教師之道:由老子 無與有之「玄」論教學的生成作用

Dao of Being a Teacher that Models Itself after Nature: On the Generative Effect of Teaching by Laozi’s “Mystery” of Having and Non-having

作　者：
郭展有 / Chan-Yu Kuo
關鍵字：
師道、無心無為、道家、道德經 / the Dao of teachers, Wu Xin Wu Wei, Daoist school, Dao De Jing
  • 摘要
  • 英文摘要
  • 參考文獻
  • 全文下載
傳統儒師以傳道、授業、解惑為己任，然教師在從事教學工作時，若過度執 求於自身既有的價值分判與情意理想，試圖以自身所掌握到的一切美好作為教 學推展之絕對準據，如此的「有心有為」便可能無法給予學生足夠的空間，使學 生開展所自具之天真本然，更甚而可能對其加諸錯誤的對待或限制。本文旨在透 過老子《道德經》的智慧，敘明道家思想對於上述可能流弊的化解之道，並藉由 對感知、行為及關係三個面向的回應，申釋一種「師法自然」的教師之道。筆者 試圖論明，透過教師「師法自然」之「無心無為」，方能圓熟自身教學之生成作 用，進而成己成人。期藉由本文的討論，能協助教師在成為師者的道路上，思考 自身「師」之所以為「師」的善心美意，如何可能與使學生成為獨立學習者之目 標並行，使學生於教學關係中自信說出:「我自然」。
Despite the fact that Confucianist teachers regard propagating reason, imparting knowledge, and resolving doubts as their duty, teachers may excessively fix upon their own value criteria and ideals and take their own opinion of what is good as the absolute rule in their teaching practice. This “You Xin You Wei” (having rigid intents and self-opinionated actions) narrows down the possibilities for students to develop their authentic nature or even imposes improper treatments or restrictions. Through the wisdom of Laozi’s Dao De Jing, the study interpreted Daoists’ unriddling of previous probable problems and stated a “Dao of being a teacher that models itself after Nature (self-so, that which is so by itself)” in sensible, behavioral, and relational aspects. Specifically, only the teachers who practice a self-cultivation of “Wu Xin Wu Wei” can complete their generative effect of teaching and accomplish their mission as teachers giving students assistance. This study attempts to help educators reflect on how to make their kindness compatible with the aim of nurturing an independent learner and how to help students confidently say “I have ‘uninstructedly’ done it myself.”

元‧吳澄(著)，黃曙輝(點校)(2010)。道德真經吳澄註。上海市:華東師範大學。

[Wu, C. (2009). Dao De Zhen Jing with Wu Cheng’s annotations (S.-H. Huang, Proofreader). Shanghai, China: East China Normal University Press.]

王邦雄(2001)。由老莊道家析論荀子的思想性格。鵝湖學誌，27，1-31。doi:10.29653/ LS.200112.0001

[Wang, B.-H. (2001). On the characteristic of Xunzi’s thought from the point of view of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Legein Semi-Annual Journal, 27, 1-31. doi:10.29653/LS.200112.0001]

王邦雄(2006)。走在莊子逍遙的路上。臺北市:臺灣商務。

[Wang, B.-H. (2006). Walking on the Zhuangzi’s road of being free and unfettered. Taipei, Taiwan: Commercial.] 王邦雄(2013a)。莊子內七篇‧外秋水‧雜天下的現代解讀。臺北市:遠流。

[Wang, B.-H. (2013a). Modern interpretation of Zhuangzi’s seven inner chapters, outer chapters’ Qiushui and Miscellaneous chapters’ Tianxia. Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan Liou.] 

王邦雄(2013b)。道家思想經典文論:當代新道家生命進路。新北市:立緒。

[Wang, B.-H. (2013b). Classical essays of Daoist thought: Life approach of contemporary new Daoism. New Taipei, Taiwan: New Century.] 

王邦雄(2016)。老子道德經的現代解讀。臺北市:遠流。

[Wang, B.-H. (2016). Modern interpretation of Laozi’s Dao De Jing. Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan Liou.] 

王叔岷(1988)。莊子校詮。臺北市:中央研究院歷史語言研究所。
[Wang, S.-M. (1988). Zhuangzi with Collected Annotations. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Press.] 

王夢鷗(2009)。禮記今註今譯。臺北市:臺灣商務。

[Wang, M.-O. (2006). Liji with Modern Annotations and Translation. Taipei, Taiwan:Commercial.] 

牟宗三(2003a)。牟宗三先生全集29:中國哲學十九講。臺北市:聯經。

[Mou, Z.-S. (2003a). The complete works of Mou Zongsan, 29: Nineteen lectures on Chinese philosophy. Taipei, Taiwan: Linking.] 

牟宗三(2003b)。牟宗三先生全集2:才性與玄理。臺北市:聯經。

[Mou, Z.-S. (2003a). The complete works of Mou Zongsan, 2: Physical nature and speculative reason. Taipei, Taiwan: Linking.]

吳怡(1993)。新譯老子解義。臺北市:三民。
[Wu, Y. (1993). New translation and interpretation of Laozi. Taipei, Taiwan: San Min.] 

吳虞(2008)。讀《荀子》書後。載於吳虞文錄(頁43-46)。安徽省:黃山書社。
[Wu, Y. (2008). After reading Xunzi. In Wu Yu’s collected works (pp. 43-46). Anhui, China: Huangshan Publishing House.] 

宋‧朱熹(2016)。四書章句集注。臺北市:國立臺灣大學出版中心。

[Zhu, X. (2016). The four books with collected annotations. Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University Press.] 

李弘祺(2018)。學以為己:傳統中國的教育。上海市:華東師範大學。

[Lee, H.-C. (2018). Learning for one’s self: Traditional education in China. Shanghai, China: East China Normal University.] 

李滌生(1979)。荀子集釋。臺北市:臺灣學生書局。

[Li, D.-S. (1979). Xunzi with collected annotations. Taipei, Taiwan: Student Book.] 

沈清松(2017)。為己之學與為人之學:從後現代重新審視。二十一世紀，106，67-79。

[Shen, Q.-S. (2017). Learning for one’s self or learning for others: Reexamination from the postmodern view. Twenty-first Century Bimonthly, 106, 67-79.] 

明‧釋德清(著)，黃曙輝(點校)(2009)。道德經解。上海市:華東師範大學。

 [Shi, D.-Q. (2009). Dao De Jing with annotations (S.-H. Huang, Proofreader). Shanghai, China: East China Normal University Press.]

林秀珍(2008)。師道— 道家哲學的啟示。載於中華民國師範教育學會(主編)，教師形象與專業倫理(頁29-45)。臺北市:心理。

[Lin, S.-J. (2008). The Dao of teachers: The inspiration of Daoist philosophy. In Chinese Society for Normal Education (Ed.), Teacher’s image and professional ethics (pp. 29-45). Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological.]

林秀珍(2015)。老子哲學與教育。臺北市:師大書苑。
[Lin, S.-J. (2015). Laozi’s philosophy and education. Taipei, Taiwan: Lucky Bookstore.] 

韋政通(1985)。中國思想史。臺北市:大林。
[Wei, Z.-T. (1985). A history of Chinese thought. Taipei, Taiwan: Da Lin.] 

唐‧韓愈(著)、閻琦(校注)(2004)。韓昌黎文集注釋。陝西省:三秦。
[Hao, Y. (Author), Tan, Q. (Annotor), (2004). Han Chang Li’s Collected Works with Annotations (Q. Yan, Proofreader & Annotator). Xi’an, China: Three Qins.] 

徐復觀(1982)。中國思想史論集續編。臺北市:時報文化。

[Xu, F.-G. (1982). Sequel to essays of history of Chinese thought. Taipei, Taiwan: China Times.] 

高亨(2010)。老子注釋。北京市:清華大學。
[Gao, H. (2010). Laozi with annotations. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University.] 

梁啟超(1930)。要籍解題及其讀法。北京市:清華周刊叢書社。
[Liang, Q.-C. (1930). Explaining the titles of ancient texts and a method for reading them. Beijing, China: The Cover of Tsing Hua Weekly.] 

清‧郭慶藩(1974)。莊子集釋。臺北市:河洛圖書。

[Guo, Q.-F. (1974). Zhuangzi with collected annotations. Taipei, Taiwan: He Luo Publishing.]

陳鼓應(2000)。老子今註今譯及評介。臺北市:臺灣商務。

[Chen, G.-Y. (2000). Laozi with modern annotations, translation and commentaries. Taipei, Taiwan: Commercial.]

賈馥茗(1987)。教育概論。臺北市:五南。
[Jai, F.-M. (1987). Introduction to education. Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan.] 

賈馥茗(2013)。教育認識論。臺北市:五南。
[Jai, F.-M. (2013). Educational epistemology. Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan.] 

賈馥茗(2018)。人的本質與教育。臺北市:五南。
[Jai, F.-M. (2018). Human nature and education. Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan.] 

劉笑敢(2006)。老子古今:五種對勘與析評引論。北京市:中國社會科學出版社。

 [Liu, X.-G. (2006). Laozi’s ancient and modern: Five collated versions with analysis and introduction. Beijing, China: China Social Sciences.] 

魏‧王弼(著)、樓宇烈(校釋)(1990)。老子周易王弼集校釋。臺北市:華正。 

[Wang, B. (1990). Collation and annotations of Wangbi’s Laozi and Zhouyi (Y.-L. Lou, Proofreader & Annotator). Taipei, Taiwan: Hua Zheng.] 

魏‧王弼、晉‧韓康伯、宋‧朱熹(2016)。周易二種。臺北市:國立臺灣大學出版中心。

[Wang, B., Han, K.-B., & Zhu, X. (2016). Two kinds of Zhouyi. Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University Press.]

魏‧王弼等(2016)。老子四種。臺北市:國立臺灣大學出版中心。
[Wang, B. et al. (2016). Four Kinds of Laozi. Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University Press.] Palmer, R. E. (1969). Hermeneutics: Interpretation theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Illinois, IL: Northwestern University Press.

Whitehead, A. N. (1967). The aims of education. In The aims of education and other essays (pp.1-14). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. (Original work published 1929)

 

全文下載